球墨铸铁中两类石墨球化机理的评述
Review on Two Types Spheroidization Mechanisms of Ductile Iron
摘 要
球墨铸铁中石墨的球化机理至今仍没有统一定论,其中表面能理论、缺陷生长理论、星型模型的影响较大、认可度较高,而圆周生长理论、石墨烯装配理论在国内则鲜有提及;它们的一大分歧在于是否强调c向择优生长,据此将其归类并展开深入、详细的评析,首先考察它们对石墨“自然”存在形态为球状的解读,进而涉及到硫、氧、镁等元素的作用机理,以及石墨的演变过程;认为Double提出的石墨烯装配理论是更为可靠的球化机理,星形生长模型相对复杂,尽管在解释爆炸状形态方面具有优势,但关键证据方面依然存有争议,因而尚不具备充分的说服力。
球化机理
辐射状取向
吸附作用
graphite growth
spheroidization mechanism
radial orientation
adsorption
Abstract
Many mechanisms of the formation of spheroidal graphite in ductile iron are no general agreement at present. Surface adsorption theory,defect growth theory and star-shaped model have lager effects and higher recognition. However,circumferential growth model and Double′s graphene mechanism are scarcely discussed at home. The fundamental divergence between those spheroidization mechanisms is whether the preferential c-axis growth is a necessity. Basing on that,the author classify them into two types in this article,and then particularly and carefully examine and evaluate referring to why the spherulitic shape should be the nature form of graphite and the effect mechanisms of S,O,Mg and other elements as well as the evolution process of graphite. The Double′s theory is considered to be a more reliable spheroidization mechanism. The star-shaped model is more complicated,although it can account for the formation of explode graphite rather well,this is not sufficient for it to being a reliable spheroidization mechanism because the key evidences are controversial.
中图分类号 TG143.5
所属栏目 综述
基金项目
收稿日期 2013/11/8
修改稿日期 2014/8/1
网络出版日期
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备注国林钊(1990-),男,山东菏泽人,硕士研究生。
引用该论文: GUO Lin-zhao,YANG Hua. Review on Two Types Spheroidization Mechanisms of Ductile Iron[J]. Materials for mechancial engineering, 2015, 39(1): 1～8
国林钊,杨华. 球墨铸铁中两类石墨球化机理的评述[J]. 机械工程材料, 2015, 39(1): 1～8
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参考文献
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【29】DOUBLE D D,HELLAWELL A. Growth structure of various forms of graphite［C］// Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron. Geneva,Switzerland:Georgi Publishing,1975:509-528.
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【32】STEFANESCU D M. ASM handbook:casting［M］. Ohio:ASM International Metals Park,1992:374-400.
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【34】TIEDJE N S. Solidification processing and properties of ductile iron［J］.Mater Sci Technol,2010,26(5):505-514.
【35】ZHU P,SHA R,LI Y. Effect of twin/tilt on the growth of graphite［C］// Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Physical Metallurgy of Cast Iron. Stockholm,Sweden:North Holland Publishing,1985,34:3-8.
【36】DOUBLE D D,HELLAWELL A. Cone-helix growth forms of graphite［J］.Acta Metall Mater,1974,22:481-487.
【2】MCSWAIN R H,BATES C E. Surface and interfacial energy relationships controlling graphite formation in cast iron［C］//Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron. Geneva,Switzerland:Georgi Publishing,1975:423-442.
【3】HILLERT M,LINDBLOM Y. The growth of nodular graphite Iron［J］.Iron and Steel Inst,1954,176:388-390.
【4】MINKOFF I. Factors affecting growth of spheroidal graphite［J］.Modern Casting,1963,41:66-72.
【5】LUX B,MINKOFF I,MOLLARD F,et al. Branching of graphite crystals growing from a Metallic solution［C］//Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron. Geneva,Switzerland:Georgi Publishing,1975:495-508.
【6】DARIS J R. ASM specialty handbook:cast irons［M］.Materials park,OH:ASM,International,1996:395-396.
【7】中国机械工程协会铸造分会.铸造手册铸铁卷［M］.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
【8】郝石坚.现代球墨铸铁［M］.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1989.
【9】方克明.铸铁石墨形态和微观结构图谱［M］.北京:科学出版社,2000.
【10】陆文华,李隆盛,黄良余.铸造合金及其熔炼［M］.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
【11】周继扬.铸铁彩色金相学［M］.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
【12】吴德海.球墨铸铁［M］.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.
【13】方克明,张锁梅.铁石墨的变态规律［J］.现代铸铁,2005(4):1-4.
【14】SADOCHA J P,GRUZLESKI J E. The mechanism of graphite spheroid formation in pure Fe–C–Si alloys［C］// Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron. Geneva,Switzerland:Georgi Publishing,1975:443-456.
【15】DOUBLE D D,HELLAWELL A. The nucleation and growth of graphite-the modification of cast iron［J］.Acta Metall Mater,1995,43(6):2435-2442.
【16】AMINI S,ABBASCHIAN R. Nucleation and growth kinetics of graphene layers from a molten phase［J］.Carbon,2013,51:110-123.
【17】STEFANESCU D M. Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification［M］.New York:Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers,2002:222-226.
【18】THEUWISSEN K,LAFONT M C,LAFFONT L,et al. Microstructural characterization of graphite spheroids in ductile iron［J］.Trans Indian Inst Met,2012,65(6):627-631
【19】STBERG G. Perspectives on research on the formation of nodular graphite in cast iron［J］.Mater and Design,2006,27:1007-1015.
【20】KEVERIAN J,TAYLOR H F,WULFF J. Experiments on spherulite formation in cast iron［J］.Amer Foundrym,1953,6:85-91.
【21】LUX B. On the theory of nodular graphite formation in cast iron-part I:experimental observations of spherulitic graphite formation during solidification of cast iron melts［J］.AFS Cast Metals Res J,1972,8:25-45.
【22】JOHNSON W,SMARTT H. The role of interphase boundary adsorption in the formation of spheroidal graphite in cast iron［J］.Metall Mater Trans:A,1977,8(4):553-565.
【23】LUX B. On the theory of nodular graphite formation in cast iron-part II:theoretical interpretation of the experimental observations［J］.AFS Cast Metals Res J,1972,8:49-65.
【24】ROSENKERG A,TILLER W A. The relationship between growth forms and the preferred direction of growth［J］.Acta Metallurg,1957,5:565-573.
【25】GILLOT J,LUX B,CORNUAULT P,et al. Changement de structure lors de la desulfuration de coke de petrole［J］.Carbon,1968,6:389-395.
【26】MINKOFF I,LUX B. Graphite growth from metallic solution［C］//Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron. Geneva,Switzerland:Georgi Publishing,1975:473-493.
【27】朱培钺.关于球墨铸铁球化和孕育中若干理论和实践问题的探讨［J］.铸工,1973(4):1-22.
【28】丁少兰,吴学明,徐昭华,等.铸铁中片状石墨与蠕虫状石墨的相互转变［J］.机械工程材料,1987,10(1):5-8.
【29】DOUBLE D D,HELLAWELL A. Growth structure of various forms of graphite［C］// Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Metallurgy of Cast Iron. Geneva,Switzerland:Georgi Publishing,1975:509-528.
【30】FRANK F C,DOREMUS R H,ROBERTS B W,et al.Growth and perfection of crystals［C］// Proceedings of the International Conference on Crystal Growth. New York:Wiley,1958:411-419.
【31】陈光.钡、钙在球墨铸铁中的作用［J］.机械工程材料,1999,28(10):6-8.
【32】STEFANESCU D M. ASM handbook:casting［M］. Ohio:ASM International Metals Park,1992:374-400.
【33】LABRECQUE C,GAGNE M. Review ductile iron:fifty years of continuous development［J］.Can Metallurg Quarterly,1998,37(5):343-378.
【34】TIEDJE N S. Solidification processing and properties of ductile iron［J］.Mater Sci Technol,2010,26(5):505-514.
【35】ZHU P,SHA R,LI Y. Effect of twin/tilt on the growth of graphite［C］// Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Physical Metallurgy of Cast Iron. Stockholm,Sweden:North Holland Publishing,1985,34:3-8.
【36】DOUBLE D D,HELLAWELL A. Cone-helix growth forms of graphite［J］.Acta Metall Mater,1974,22:481-487.
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