火灾现场燃烧残留物检验研究进展
Research Progress on the Inspection of Combustion Residues at Scence of the Fire
摘 要
从火场燃烧残留物检验方法、基质干扰和数据解读等方面综述了火场燃烧残留物检验鉴定的研究进展，重点介绍了检验方法的研究成果与该领域常见的化学计量学方法，并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望（引用文献56篇）。
检验方法
数据解读
综述
combustion residue
the inspection method
data interpretation
review
Abstract
An overview on current research progress of the inspection of combustion residues in fire debris from the aspects of the inspection methods of combustion residues, matrix interference and data interpretation, focusing on the research achievements of the inspection methods and chemometric methods were common in this field. Prospects for development in this field were also discussed (56 ref. cited)
中图分类号 O65 DOI 10.11973/lhjy-hx202001022
所属栏目 综述
基金项目 国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFC0802804）；公安部科技研发计划项目（2016JSYJB09）
收稿日期 2019/8/2
修改稿日期
网络出版日期
作者单位点击查看
备注张原,硕士,研究方向为火场易燃液体检验
引用该论文: ZHANG Yuan,ZHANG Guannan,ZHANG Jingshun,ZHU Jun,LIU Zhanfang,SUN Yuyou. Research Progress on the Inspection of Combustion Residues at Scence of the Fire[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis part B:Chemical Analysis, 2020, 56(1): 118～124
张原,张冠男,张景顺,朱军,刘占芳,孙玉友. 火灾现场燃烧残留物检验研究进展[J]. 理化检验－化学分册, 2020, 56(1): 118～124
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参考文献
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【2】高佳鑫.火灾残留物中助燃剂鉴定的影响因素分析[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学, 2014.
【3】STAUFFER E J, DOLAN J A, NEWMAN R. Fire debris analysis[M]. USA: Academic Press, 2008.
【4】MARTÍN-ALBERCA C, ORTEGA-OJEDA F E, GARCÍA-RUIZ C. Analytical tools for the analysis of fire debris. A review: 2008-2015[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2016,928:1-19.
【5】FURTON K, ALMIRALL J. Analysis and Interpretation of Fire Scene Evidence[M]. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.
【6】FERNANDES M S, LAU C M, WONG W C. The effect of volatile residues in burnt household items on the detection of fire accelerants[J]. Science and Justice, 2002,42(1):7-15.
【7】程芳斌,孙振文,刘占芳,等.火灾现场易燃液体残留物鉴定中的基质干扰[J].理化检验-化学分册, 2018,54(10):1234-1240.
【8】PERT A D, BARON M G, BIRKETT J W. Review of analytical techniques for arson residues[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2006,51(5):1033-1049.
【9】MANN D C. Comparison of automotive gasolines using capillary gas chromatography II: Limitations of automotive gasoline comparisons in casework[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1987,32(3):12366J.
【10】BERTSCH W. Volatiles from carpet: A source of frequent misinterpretation in arson analysis[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1994,674(1/2):329-333.
【11】DOLAN J A, STAUFFER E. Aromatic content in medium range distillate products: Part I: An examination of various liquids[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2004,49(5):1-13.
【12】SINKOV N A, SANDERCOCK P M L, HARYNUK J J. Chemometric classification of casework arson samples based on gasoline content[J]. Forensic Science International, 2014,235:24-31.
【13】RAMSEY S A, MUSTACICH R V, SMITH P A, et al. Directly heated high surface area solid phase microextraction sampler for rapid field forensic analyses[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2009,81(21):8724-8733.
【14】STPIERRE K A, DESIDERIO V J, HALL A B. Recovery of oxygenated ignitable liquids by zeolites, Part I: Novel extraction methodology in fire debris analysis[J]. Forensic Science International, 2014,240:137-143.
【15】SALGUEIRO P A S, BORGES C M F, BETTENCOURT DA SILVA R J N. Valid internal standard technique for arson detection based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2012,1257:189-194.
【16】PESCHIER L J C, GRUTTERS M M P, HENDRIKSE J N. Using alkylate components for classifying gasoline in fire debris samples[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2018,63(2):420-430.
【17】BAERNCOPF J M, MCGUFFIN V L, WADDELL SMITH R. Effect of gas chromatography temperature program on the association and discrimination of diesel samples[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2010,55(1):185-192.
【18】KLEE M S, COCHRAN J, MERRICK M, et al. Evaluation of conditions of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography that yield a near-theoretical maximum in peak capacity gain[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2015,1383:151-159.
【19】WESTHUIZEN R V D, AJAM M, DE CONING P, et al. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of synthetic and crude-derived jet fuels[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2011,1218(28):4478-4486.
【20】SAMPAT A A S, LOPATKA M, VIVÓ-TRUYOLS G, et al. Towards chemical profiling of ignitable liquids with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: Exploring forensic application to neat white spirits[J]. Forensic Science International, 2016,267:183-195.
【21】SAMPAT A, VAN DAELEN B, LOPATKA M, et al. Detection and characterization of ignitable liquid residues in forensic fire debris samples by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography[J]. Separations, 2018,5(3):43-43.
【22】ZHANG X F, QI X H, ZOU M Q, et al. Rapid detection of gasoline by a portable Raman spectrometer and chemometrics[J]. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2012,43(10):1487-1491.
【23】KERR T, DUNCAN K, MYERS L. Post fire materials identification by micro-Raman spectroscopy and principal components analysis[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2013,102:103-113.
【24】MARTÍN-ALBERCA C, OJEDA F E O, GARCÍA-RUIZ C. Study of spectral modifications in acidified ignitable liquids by attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy[J]. Applied Spectroscopy, 2016,70(3):520-530.
【25】HEO S Y, SHIN W J, LEE S W, et al. Using stable isotope analysis to discriminate gasoline on the basis of its origin[J]. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2012,26(5):517-522.
【26】GWEN O S, KALIN R M. Investigation of the range of carbon and hydrogen isotopes within a global set of gasolines[J]. Environmental Forensics, 2008,9(2/3):166-176.
【27】SCHWARTZ Z, AN Y, KONSTANTYNOVA K I, et al. Analysis of household ignitable liquids and their post-combustion weathered residues using compound-specific gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry[J]. Forensic Science International, 2013,233(1/2/3):365-373.
【28】CHOI S, YOH J J. Fire debris analysis for forensic fire investigation using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2017,134:75-80.
【29】ALIAÑO-GONZÁLEZ M, FERREIRO-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBERO G, et al. Application of headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry for the determination of ignitable liquids from fire debris[J]. Separations, 2018,5(3):41-41.
【30】BAERNCOPF J, HUTCHES K. A review of modern challenges in fire debris analysis[J]. Forensic Science International, 2014,244:12-20.
【31】KABIR A, HOLNESS H, FURTON K G, et al. Recent advances in micro-sample preparation with forensic applications[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2013,45:264-279.
【32】WILLIAMS M R, SIGMAN M E, LEWIS J, et al. Combined target factor analysis and Bayesian soft-classification of interference-contaminated samples: Forensic Fire Debris Analysis[J]. Forensic Science International, 2012,222(1/2/3):373-386.
【33】LAULLOO J S, MACLEAN J, RAMTOOLA L L, et al. Characterisation of background and pyrolysis products that may interfere with forensic analysis of fire debris in Mauritius[J]. Pure and Applied Chemical Sciences, 2013,1:51-61.
【34】ORGANTINI K L, MYERS A L, JOBST K J, et al. Comprehensive characterization of the halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contents of residential fire debris using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2014,1369:138-146.
【35】LEE X Q, SANDERCOCK P M L, HARYNUK J J. The influence of temperature on the pyrolysis of household materials[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2016,118:75-85.
【36】SANDERCOCK P M L. Preparation of pyrolysis reference samples: evaluation of a standard method using a tube furnace[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2012,57(3):738-743.
【37】邓震宇,张得胜,吴宪,等.塑料制品燃烧物对易燃液体防火剂鉴定干扰的研究[J].消防科学与技术, 2017,36(4):569-571.
【38】刘纪达,张健,刘玲,等.不燃载体与助燃剂混合燃烧残留物闪蒸分析[J].消防科学与技术, 2019,38(3):317-320.
【39】GONZÁLEZ-RODRÍGUEZ J, SISSONS N, ROBINSON S. Fire debris analysis by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2011,91(1):210-218.
【40】PRATHER K R, TOWNER S E, MCGUFFIN V L, et al. Effect of substrate interferences from high-density polyethylene on association of simulated ignitable liquid residues with the corresponding liquid[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2014,59(1):52-60.
【41】BAERNCOPF J M, MCGUFFIN V L, SMITH R W. Association of ignitable liquid residues to neat ignitable liquids in the presence of matrix interferences using chemometric procedures[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2011,56(1):70-81.
【42】刘纪达,张健.闪蒸气相色谱法应用于天然纤维与助燃剂混合燃烧残留物的分析[J].理化检验-化学分册, 2019,55(1):73-77.
【43】LOCKE A K, BASARA G J, SANDERCOCK P M L. Evaluation of internal standards for the analysis of ignitable liquids in fire debris[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2009,54(2):320-327.
【44】HETZEL S S. Survey of american (USA) gasolines (2008)[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2015,60(s1):s197-s206.
【45】ZORZETTI B M, SHAVER J M, HARYNUK J J. Estimation of the age of a weathered mixture of volatile organic compounds[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2011,694(1/2):31-37.
【46】MONFREDA M, GREGORI A. Differentiation of unevaporated gasoline samples according to their brands, by SPME-GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2011,56(2):372-380.
【47】HUPP A M, MARSHALL L J, CAMPBELL D I, et al. Chemometric analysis of diesel fuel for forensic and environmental applications[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2008,606(2):159-171.
【48】DESA W N S M, DAÉID N N, ISMAIL D, et al. Application of unsupervised chemometric analysis and self-organizing feature map (SOFM) for the classification of lighter fuels[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2010,82(15):6395-6400.
【49】MAT-DESA W N S, ISMAIL D, NICDAEID N. Classification and source determination of medium petroleum distillates by chemometric and artificial neural networks: A self organizing feature approach[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2011,83(20):7745-7754.
【50】WADDELL E E, SONG E T, RINKE C N, et al. Progress toward the determination of correct classification rates in fire debris analysis[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2013,58(4):887-896.
【51】SMITH R W, BREHE R J, MCILROY J W, et al. Mathematically modeling chromatograms of evaporated ignitable liquids for fire debris applications[J]. Forensic Chemistry, 2016,2:37-45.
【52】VERGEER P, BOLCK A, PESCHIER L J C, et al. Likelihood ratio methods for forensic comparison of evaporated gasoline residues[J]. Science and Justice, 2014,54(6):401-411.
【53】PEDROSO M P, DE GODOY L A F, FERREIRA E C, et al. Identification of gasoline adulteration using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined to multivariate data processing[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2008,1201(2):176-182.
【54】LU Y, CHEN P, HARRINGTON P B. Comparison of differential mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry for gas chromatographic detection of ignitable liquids from fire debris using projected difference resolution[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009,394(8):2061-2067.
【55】LU W Y, RANKIN J G, BONDRA A, et al. Ignitable liquid identification using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data by projected difference resolution mapping and fuzzy rule-building expert system classification[J]. Forensic Science International, 2012,220(1/2/3):210-218.
【2】高佳鑫.火灾残留物中助燃剂鉴定的影响因素分析[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学, 2014.
【3】STAUFFER E J, DOLAN J A, NEWMAN R. Fire debris analysis[M]. USA: Academic Press, 2008.
【4】MARTÍN-ALBERCA C, ORTEGA-OJEDA F E, GARCÍA-RUIZ C. Analytical tools for the analysis of fire debris. A review: 2008-2015[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2016,928:1-19.
【5】FURTON K, ALMIRALL J. Analysis and Interpretation of Fire Scene Evidence[M]. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.
【6】FERNANDES M S, LAU C M, WONG W C. The effect of volatile residues in burnt household items on the detection of fire accelerants[J]. Science and Justice, 2002,42(1):7-15.
【7】程芳斌,孙振文,刘占芳,等.火灾现场易燃液体残留物鉴定中的基质干扰[J].理化检验-化学分册, 2018,54(10):1234-1240.
【8】PERT A D, BARON M G, BIRKETT J W. Review of analytical techniques for arson residues[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2006,51(5):1033-1049.
【9】MANN D C. Comparison of automotive gasolines using capillary gas chromatography II: Limitations of automotive gasoline comparisons in casework[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1987,32(3):12366J.
【10】BERTSCH W. Volatiles from carpet: A source of frequent misinterpretation in arson analysis[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1994,674(1/2):329-333.
【11】DOLAN J A, STAUFFER E. Aromatic content in medium range distillate products: Part I: An examination of various liquids[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2004,49(5):1-13.
【12】SINKOV N A, SANDERCOCK P M L, HARYNUK J J. Chemometric classification of casework arson samples based on gasoline content[J]. Forensic Science International, 2014,235:24-31.
【13】RAMSEY S A, MUSTACICH R V, SMITH P A, et al. Directly heated high surface area solid phase microextraction sampler for rapid field forensic analyses[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2009,81(21):8724-8733.
【14】STPIERRE K A, DESIDERIO V J, HALL A B. Recovery of oxygenated ignitable liquids by zeolites, Part I: Novel extraction methodology in fire debris analysis[J]. Forensic Science International, 2014,240:137-143.
【15】SALGUEIRO P A S, BORGES C M F, BETTENCOURT DA SILVA R J N. Valid internal standard technique for arson detection based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2012,1257:189-194.
【16】PESCHIER L J C, GRUTTERS M M P, HENDRIKSE J N. Using alkylate components for classifying gasoline in fire debris samples[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2018,63(2):420-430.
【17】BAERNCOPF J M, MCGUFFIN V L, WADDELL SMITH R. Effect of gas chromatography temperature program on the association and discrimination of diesel samples[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2010,55(1):185-192.
【18】KLEE M S, COCHRAN J, MERRICK M, et al. Evaluation of conditions of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography that yield a near-theoretical maximum in peak capacity gain[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2015,1383:151-159.
【19】WESTHUIZEN R V D, AJAM M, DE CONING P, et al. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of synthetic and crude-derived jet fuels[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2011,1218(28):4478-4486.
【20】SAMPAT A A S, LOPATKA M, VIVÓ-TRUYOLS G, et al. Towards chemical profiling of ignitable liquids with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: Exploring forensic application to neat white spirits[J]. Forensic Science International, 2016,267:183-195.
【21】SAMPAT A, VAN DAELEN B, LOPATKA M, et al. Detection and characterization of ignitable liquid residues in forensic fire debris samples by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography[J]. Separations, 2018,5(3):43-43.
【22】ZHANG X F, QI X H, ZOU M Q, et al. Rapid detection of gasoline by a portable Raman spectrometer and chemometrics[J]. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2012,43(10):1487-1491.
【23】KERR T, DUNCAN K, MYERS L. Post fire materials identification by micro-Raman spectroscopy and principal components analysis[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2013,102:103-113.
【24】MARTÍN-ALBERCA C, OJEDA F E O, GARCÍA-RUIZ C. Study of spectral modifications in acidified ignitable liquids by attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy[J]. Applied Spectroscopy, 2016,70(3):520-530.
【25】HEO S Y, SHIN W J, LEE S W, et al. Using stable isotope analysis to discriminate gasoline on the basis of its origin[J]. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2012,26(5):517-522.
【26】GWEN O S, KALIN R M. Investigation of the range of carbon and hydrogen isotopes within a global set of gasolines[J]. Environmental Forensics, 2008,9(2/3):166-176.
【27】SCHWARTZ Z, AN Y, KONSTANTYNOVA K I, et al. Analysis of household ignitable liquids and their post-combustion weathered residues using compound-specific gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry[J]. Forensic Science International, 2013,233(1/2/3):365-373.
【28】CHOI S, YOH J J. Fire debris analysis for forensic fire investigation using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2017,134:75-80.
【29】ALIAÑO-GONZÁLEZ M, FERREIRO-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBERO G, et al. Application of headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry for the determination of ignitable liquids from fire debris[J]. Separations, 2018,5(3):41-41.
【30】BAERNCOPF J, HUTCHES K. A review of modern challenges in fire debris analysis[J]. Forensic Science International, 2014,244:12-20.
【31】KABIR A, HOLNESS H, FURTON K G, et al. Recent advances in micro-sample preparation with forensic applications[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2013,45:264-279.
【32】WILLIAMS M R, SIGMAN M E, LEWIS J, et al. Combined target factor analysis and Bayesian soft-classification of interference-contaminated samples: Forensic Fire Debris Analysis[J]. Forensic Science International, 2012,222(1/2/3):373-386.
【33】LAULLOO J S, MACLEAN J, RAMTOOLA L L, et al. Characterisation of background and pyrolysis products that may interfere with forensic analysis of fire debris in Mauritius[J]. Pure and Applied Chemical Sciences, 2013,1:51-61.
【34】ORGANTINI K L, MYERS A L, JOBST K J, et al. Comprehensive characterization of the halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contents of residential fire debris using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2014,1369:138-146.
【35】LEE X Q, SANDERCOCK P M L, HARYNUK J J. The influence of temperature on the pyrolysis of household materials[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2016,118:75-85.
【36】SANDERCOCK P M L. Preparation of pyrolysis reference samples: evaluation of a standard method using a tube furnace[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2012,57(3):738-743.
【37】邓震宇,张得胜,吴宪,等.塑料制品燃烧物对易燃液体防火剂鉴定干扰的研究[J].消防科学与技术, 2017,36(4):569-571.
【38】刘纪达,张健,刘玲,等.不燃载体与助燃剂混合燃烧残留物闪蒸分析[J].消防科学与技术, 2019,38(3):317-320.
【39】GONZÁLEZ-RODRÍGUEZ J, SISSONS N, ROBINSON S. Fire debris analysis by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2011,91(1):210-218.
【40】PRATHER K R, TOWNER S E, MCGUFFIN V L, et al. Effect of substrate interferences from high-density polyethylene on association of simulated ignitable liquid residues with the corresponding liquid[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2014,59(1):52-60.
【41】BAERNCOPF J M, MCGUFFIN V L, SMITH R W. Association of ignitable liquid residues to neat ignitable liquids in the presence of matrix interferences using chemometric procedures[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2011,56(1):70-81.
【42】刘纪达,张健.闪蒸气相色谱法应用于天然纤维与助燃剂混合燃烧残留物的分析[J].理化检验-化学分册, 2019,55(1):73-77.
【43】LOCKE A K, BASARA G J, SANDERCOCK P M L. Evaluation of internal standards for the analysis of ignitable liquids in fire debris[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2009,54(2):320-327.
【44】HETZEL S S. Survey of american (USA) gasolines (2008)[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2015,60(s1):s197-s206.
【45】ZORZETTI B M, SHAVER J M, HARYNUK J J. Estimation of the age of a weathered mixture of volatile organic compounds[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2011,694(1/2):31-37.
【46】MONFREDA M, GREGORI A. Differentiation of unevaporated gasoline samples according to their brands, by SPME-GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2011,56(2):372-380.
【47】HUPP A M, MARSHALL L J, CAMPBELL D I, et al. Chemometric analysis of diesel fuel for forensic and environmental applications[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2008,606(2):159-171.
【48】DESA W N S M, DAÉID N N, ISMAIL D, et al. Application of unsupervised chemometric analysis and self-organizing feature map (SOFM) for the classification of lighter fuels[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2010,82(15):6395-6400.
【49】MAT-DESA W N S, ISMAIL D, NICDAEID N. Classification and source determination of medium petroleum distillates by chemometric and artificial neural networks: A self organizing feature approach[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2011,83(20):7745-7754.
【50】WADDELL E E, SONG E T, RINKE C N, et al. Progress toward the determination of correct classification rates in fire debris analysis[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2013,58(4):887-896.
【51】SMITH R W, BREHE R J, MCILROY J W, et al. Mathematically modeling chromatograms of evaporated ignitable liquids for fire debris applications[J]. Forensic Chemistry, 2016,2:37-45.
【52】VERGEER P, BOLCK A, PESCHIER L J C, et al. Likelihood ratio methods for forensic comparison of evaporated gasoline residues[J]. Science and Justice, 2014,54(6):401-411.
【53】PEDROSO M P, DE GODOY L A F, FERREIRA E C, et al. Identification of gasoline adulteration using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined to multivariate data processing[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2008,1201(2):176-182.
【54】LU Y, CHEN P, HARRINGTON P B. Comparison of differential mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry for gas chromatographic detection of ignitable liquids from fire debris using projected difference resolution[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009,394(8):2061-2067.
【55】LU W Y, RANKIN J G, BONDRA A, et al. Ignitable liquid identification using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data by projected difference resolution mapping and fuzzy rule-building expert system classification[J]. Forensic Science International, 2012,220(1/2/3):210-218.
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