机械构件及产品的制造过程中必然会引入残余应力，残余应力对构件性能和服役寿命有重要影响。残余应力的测试方法众多，X射线测试技术作为一种非破坏性测试方法，由于其理论成熟、方法简单，在工程上得到了广泛应用。讨论了对残余应力测试结果的定性分析与判断产生影响的重要因素，简要分析了残余应力测试过程中的误差与不确定度的表征问题，并结合单实验室采用简化的“两步法”计算不确定度的案例，为残余应力测试在失效分析中的应用提供了借鉴。

Residual stress will inevitably be introduced during the manufacture of mechanical components and products. Residual stress has an important impact on component performance and service life. There are many methods for testing residual stress. As a non-destructive testing method, X-ray testing technology has been widely used in engineering due to its mature theory and simple method. The qualitative analysis and judgment of possible important influencing factors on the residual stress test results was discussed and the characterization of the error and uncertainty in the residual stress test process was briefly analyzed. The case study to calculate the uncertainty in a single laboratory by using the simplified “two-step method” was given. Finally suggestions on the application of residual stress measurement in failure analysis are also given.