以碳素结构钢、合金结构钢、轴承钢、弹簧钢和冷作模具钢为例，将国标与美国ASTM标准和日本JIS标准对金相检验项目的要求进行了对比和分析。结果表明：国标对于金相检验项目的要求是最多的；ASTM标准对金相检验项目的要求较少但是具有针对性；JIS标准对金相检验项目的要求弹性较大，主要由买方与制造方协议规定。对比国外标准对应钢种的金相检验项目，采用体视学方法分析金相检验项目的合理性和有效性，可以发现国内钢铁标准中的规定已落后于钢铁生产设备和工艺的技术进步，需要参照国外标准进行修改。

Taking carbon structural steel, alloy structural steel, bearing steel, spring steel and cold working die steel as examples, the requirements of metallographic examination item in national standard, American ASTM standard and Japanese JIS standard were compared and analyzed. The results show that the national standard has the most requirements for metallographic examination item; ASTM standard has less requirements for metallographic examination item, but it is targeted. The requirements of JIS standard for metallographic examination item are flexible, which are mainly stipulated by the agreement between the buyer and the manufacturer. Compared with the metallographic examination item for corresponding steel grades in foreign standards, the stereological method is adopted to analyze the reasonable and effective of metallographic examination item. It can be found that the provisions in domestic steel standards have lagged behind the technical progress of steel production equipment and process, and need to be modified according to foreign standards.