选区激光熔化成形316L不锈钢零件中的缺陷及形成机理研究进展
Research Progress on Defects and Forming Mechanisms of Selective Laser Melting Formed 316L Stainless Steel Parts
摘 要
选区激光熔化（SLM）是目前应用最广泛的金属增材制造技术之一。SLM成形零件中不可避免会产生许多缺陷，包括孔隙、表层粉末球化、裂纹等；缺陷的形成不仅会影响成形过程的顺利进行，也会破坏零件内部完整性，降低零件的服役性能。对SLM成形316L不锈钢零件中孔隙、表层粉末球化、裂纹3种缺陷的主要特征进行了综述，对这3种缺陷的形成机理和影响因素进行了总结，提出了控制缺陷的主要措施，最后给出了今后的研究方向。
316L不锈钢
缺陷
形成机理
影响因素
SLM technique
316L stainless steel
defect
formation mechanism
influence factor
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the most widely used metal additive manufacturing techniques. Many defects are inevitably produced in the SLM formed parts, including pores, surface layer powder spheroidization, cracks and so on. The formation of defects not only affect the smoothness of the forming process, but also damage the internal integrity of the part and reduce its serviceability. The main characteristics of three defects including pores, surface layer powder spheroidization and cracks in SLM formed 316L stainless steel parts are reviewed. The formation mechanisms and influencing factors of these three defects are summarised, and the main measures to control the defects are proposed. Finally, future research directions are put forword.
中图分类号 TG249.9 DOI 10.11973/jxgccl202302001
所属栏目 综述
基金项目 内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目（2021MS05010）
收稿日期 2022/1/4
修改稿日期 2022/11/30
网络出版日期
作者单位点击查看
备注丛佳琦(1995-),女,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生
引用该论文: CONG Jiaqi,JI Yunping,WANG Lei,KANG Xueliang,LI Yiming,REN Huiping. Research Progress on Defects and Forming Mechanisms of Selective Laser Melting Formed 316L Stainless Steel Parts[J]. Materials for mechancial engineering, 2023, 47(2): 1～6
丛佳琦,计云萍,王磊,康学良,李一鸣,任慧平. 选区激光熔化成形316L不锈钢零件中的缺陷及形成机理研究进展[J]. 机械工程材料, 2023, 47(2): 1～6
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参考文献
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【6】WOŹNIAK A, ADAMIAK M.Main defects observed in titanium GRADE II and 316L stainless steel elements obtained by selective laser melting[J].Solid State Phenomena, 2020, 308:33-50.
【7】LIVERANI E.Effect of selective laser melting (SLM) process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2017, 249:255-263.
【8】TAN Q Y.Effect of processing parameters on the densification of an additively manufactured 2024 Al alloy[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2020, 58:34-45.
【9】YANG J J.Role of molten pool mode on formability, microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy[J].Materials & Design, 2016, 110:558-570.
【10】KING W E.Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2014, 214(12):2915-2925.
【11】GONG H J.Influence of defects on mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V components produced by selective laser melting and electron beam melting[J].Materials & Design, 2015, 86:545-554.
【12】SMITH B A, LAURSEN C M, BARTANUS J, et al.The interplay of geometric defects and porosity on the mechanical behavior of additively manufactured components[J].Experimental Mechanics, 2021, 61(4):685-698.
【13】LI R D, LIU J H, SHI Y S, et al.Balling behavior of stainless steel and nickel powder during selective laser melting process[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2012, 59(9/10/11/12):1025-1035.
【14】张晓博, 党新安, 杨立军.选择性激光熔化成形过程的球化反应研究[J].激光与光电子学进展, 2014, 51(6):061401. ZHANG X B, DANG X A, YANG L J.Study on balling phenomena in selective laser melting[J].Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2014, 51(6):061401.
【15】潘露, 张成林, 江华, 等.选区激光熔化制备316L不锈钢成形工艺参数对致密度的影响和优化[J].锻压技术, 2019, 44(11):103-109. PAN L, ZHANG C L, JIANG H, et al.Influence and optimization of forming process parameters on relative density of 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting[J].Forging & Stamping Technology, 2019, 44(11):103-109.
【16】ZHANG H Y, LIU Y H, LI Z W, et al.Crack analysis in Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by selective laser melting[J].Tungsten, 2021, 3(3):361-367.
【17】潘露, 张成林, 王亮, 等.基于选区激光熔化的316L不锈钢的裂纹形成规律及机理[J].激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56(10):101401. PAN L, ZHANG C L, WANG L, et al.Crack formation law and mechanism in selective laser melting of 316L stainless steels[J].Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2019, 56(10):101401.
【18】潘露, 刘麒慧, 王亮, 等.线能量密度对选区激光熔化制备316L不锈钢缺陷的影响[J].应用激光, 2019, 39(1):17-23. PAN L, LIU Q H, WANG L, et al.Effect of line energy density on defects of 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting[J].Applied Laser, 2019, 39(1):17-23.
【19】ABOULKHAIR N T.Reducing porosity in AlSi10Mg parts processed by selective laser melting[J].Additive Manufacturing, 2014, 1/2/3/4:77-86.
【20】GALY C.Main defects observed in aluminum alloy parts produced by SLM:From causes to consequences[J].Additive Manufacturing, 2018, 22:165-175.
【21】GONG H J, RAFI K, KARTHIK N V, et al.Defect morphology in Ti-6Al-4V parts fabricated by selective laser melting and electron beam melting[C]//24th International SFF Symposium-An Additive Manufacturing Conference.[S.l.]:SFF 2013:440-453.
【22】HUANG Y Z, FLEMING T G, CLARK S J, et al.Keyhole fluctuation and pore formation mechanisms during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing[J].Nature Communications, 2022, 13:1170.
【23】GILLESPIE J, YEOH W Y, ZHAO C, et al.In situ characterization of laser-generated melt pools using synchronized ultrasound and high-speed X-ray imaging[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2021, 150(4):2409-2420.
【24】HUANG L J, HUA X M, WU D S, et al.Role of welding speed on keyhole-induced porosity formation based on experimental and numerical study in fiber laser welding of Al alloy[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2019, 103(1/2/3/4):913-925.
【25】ZHAO C, PARAB N D, LI X X, et al.Critical instability at moving keyhole tip generates porosity in laser melting[J].Science, 2020, 370(6520):1080-1086.
【26】PROMOPPATUM P, YAO S C.Analytical evaluation of defect generation for selective laser melting of metals[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2019, 103(1/2/3/4):1185-1198.
【27】TANG M, PISTORIUS P C, BEUTH J L, et al.Prediction of lack-of-fusion porosity for powder bed fusion[J].Additive Manufacturing, 2017, 14:39-48.
【28】李瑞迪.金属粉末选择性激光熔化成形的关键基础问题研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学, 2010. LI R D.Research on the key basic issues in selective laser melting of metallic powder[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2010.
【29】周鑫.激光选区熔化微尺度熔池特性与凝固微观组织[D].北京:清华大学, 2016. ZHOU X.Research on micro-scale melt pool characteristics and solidified microstructures in selective laser melting[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University, 2016.
【30】LIU S, GUO H J.Balling behavior of selective laser melting (SLM) magnesium alloy[J].Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 13(16):3632.
【31】DEBROY T, WEI H L, ZUBACK J S, et al.Additive manufacturing of metallic components-Process, structure and properties[J].Progress in Materials Science, 2018, 92:112-224.
【32】JONES R, RANS C, ILIOPOULOS A P, et al.Modelling the variability and the anisotropic behaviour of crack growth in SLM Ti-6Al-4V[J].Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2021, 14(6):1400.
【33】TAN Q Y.A novel strategy to additively manufacture 7075 aluminium alloy with selective laser melting[J].Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2021, 821:141638.
【34】刘煜.3D打印模具零件开裂的温度场和应力场模拟分析研究[D].大连:大连理工大学, 2021. LIU Y.Simulation analysis of temperature field and stress field of 3D printing mold parts cracking[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology, 2021.
【35】李培芬, 宾远红.激光选区熔化成型金属零件存在的缺陷探讨[J].热加工工艺, 2022(12):6-10. LI P F, BIN Y H.Research on defects in moulding metal parts by selective laser melting[J].Hot Working Technology, 2022(12):6-10.
【36】LI R D, LIU J H, SHI Y S, et al.316L stainless steel with gradient porosity fabricated by selective laser melting[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2010, 19(5):666-671.
【37】宗学文, 张健, 卢秉恒, 等.扫描速度对选区激光熔化成形316L不锈钢微观形貌和性能的影响[J].机械工程材料, 2021, 45(8):15-19. ZONG X W, ZHANG J, LU B H, et al.Effect of scanning speed on micromorphology and properties of 316L stainless steel formed by selective laser melting[J].Materials for Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 45(8):15-19.
【38】MONROY K, DELGADO J, CIURANA J, et al.Study of the pore formation on CoCrMo alloys by selective laser melting manufacturing process[J].Procedia Engineering, 2013, 63:361-369.
【39】JIANG H Z, LI Z Y, FENG T, et al.Effect of process parameters on defects, melt pool shape, microstructure, and tensile behavior of 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2021, 34(4):495-510.
【40】GRECO S, GUTZEIT K, HOTZ H, et al.Selective laser melting (SLM) of AISI 316L-Impact of laser power, layer thickness, and hatch spacing on roughness, density, and microhardness at constant input energy density[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2020, 108(5/6):1551-1562.
【41】QIU C L, WANG Z, ALADAWI A S, et al.Influence of laser processing strategy and remelting on surface structure and porosity development during selective laser melting of a metallic material[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2019, 50(9):4423-4434.
【42】PENG T, CHEN C.Influence of energy density on energy demand and porosity of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting[J].International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing:Green Technology, 2018, 5(1):55-62.
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【44】TUCHO W M.Investigation of effects of process parameters on microstructure and hardness of SLM manufactured SS316L[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 740:910-925.
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