黑火药成分分析及来源推断的研究进展
Research Progress in Components Analysis and Source Inference of Black Powder
摘 要
黑火药是爆炸案件中最常见的炸药之一,其检验对于打击犯罪有重要意义。尽管黑火药的检验方法已相对成熟,但仍面临诸多挑战,如微量黑火药爆炸残留物的高灵敏度检验,以及黑火药的来源推断等。基于黑火药的成分组成、生产工艺,围绕爆炸前后的黑火药成分分析以及来源推断这两个检验目的,系统总结了黑火药中的分子(KNO3、硫磺、木炭等)、离子(K+、NO3-、S2-等)以及元素(氮、氧、碳等)的检验方法,包括传统检验法、光谱法、色谱法、质谱法等,并对黑火药检验中存在的问题以及未来可能的研究方向进行了探讨,旨在为黑火药的研究和案件侦办提供参考(引用文献40篇)。
成分分析
来源推断
检验
black powder
component analysis
source inference
detection
Abstract
Black powder is one of the most common explosives in explosion cases, and its detection is of great importance in the fight against crime. Despite the relative maturity of black powder detection methods, there are still many challenges, such as high sensitivity detection of trace explosive residues of black powder, and source inference of black powder. Based on the components and production process of black powder, and focusing on the two detection purposes of the components analysis and source inference of black powder before and after explosion, the detection methods of molecules (KNO3, sulfur, charcoal, etc.), ions (K+, NO3-, S2-, etc.) and elements (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, etc.) in black powder were systematically summarized, including traditional detection methods, spectroscopy, chromatography and mass spectrometry, etc., and the problems in black powder detection and possible future research directions were discussed, aiming to providing reference for the research and criminal investigation of black powder (40 ref. cited).
中图分类号 O657 DOI 10.11973/lhjy-hx202304024
所属栏目 综述
基金项目 公安部技术研究计划(2020JSYJB08)
收稿日期 2021/9/24
修改稿日期
网络出版日期
作者单位点击查看
备注黄阳,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为微量物证检验
引用该论文: HUANG Yang,ZHU Jun,HU Can,MEI Hongcheng,YU Ziyang,QIN Hao. Research Progress in Components Analysis and Source Inference of Black Powder[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis part B:Chemical Analysis, 2023, 59(4): 489～496
黄阳,朱军,胡灿,梅宏成,于子洋,秦皓. 黑火药成分分析及来源推断的研究进展[J]. 理化检验－化学分册, 2023, 59(4): 489～496
共有人对该论文发表了看法，其中：
人认为该论文很差
人认为该论文较差
人认为该论文一般
人认为该论文较好
人认为该论文很好
参考文献
【1】吴昊天,王广发,窦新存.比色法在爆炸物检测中的研究进展[J].分析测试学报, 2021,40(4):468-477.
【2】DANIEL W L, HAN M S, LEE J S, et al. Colorimetric nitrite and nitrate detection with gold nanoparticle probes and kinetic end points[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009,131(18):6362-6363.
【3】PETERS K L, CORBIN I, KAUFMAN L M, et al. Simultaneous colorimetric detection of improvised explosive compounds using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (1/4PADs)[J]. Analytical Methods, 2015,7(1):63-70.
【4】中华人民共和国公安部.法庭科学黑火药、烟火药元素成分检验扫描电子显微镜/X射线能谱法:GA/T 1520-2018[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2018.
【5】梁鲁宁,孙玉友,秦大方.SEM/EDX法检验黑火药爆炸、燃烧残留物[J].刑事技术, 1989(6):28-28.
【6】VERMEIJ E, DUVALOIS W, WEBB R, et al. Morphology and composition of pyrotechnic residues formed at different levels of confinement[J]. Forensic Science International, 2009,186(1/2/3):68-74.
【7】刘东,权养科,陶克明.X射线衍射法(XRD)检验无机炸药初探[J].刑事技术, 2007(1):9-11.
【8】HE N, NI Y C, TENG J, et al. Identification of inorganic oxidizing salts in homemade explosives using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy[J]. Spectrochimica Acta, Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2019,221:117164.
【9】王燕军,陈明,王清华,等.用拉曼光谱检验黑火药[J].刑事技术, 2014(1):23-25.
【10】ZAPATA F, GARCÍA-RUIZ C. Determination of nanogram microparticles from explosives after real open-air explosions by confocal Raman microscopy[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2016,88(13):6726-6733.
【11】ZHANG A L, FU D F, SUN J C, et al. A multi-channel system for qualitative explosive and drug detection[J]. Sensing and Imaging, 2018,19(1):1-16.
【12】刘丽萍,叶尚辉,黄维.荧光传感方法检测爆炸物的研究进展[J].应用化学, 2017,34(1):1-24.
【13】AHMAD U, TZE O, GHAZALI M F, et al. Analysis of anionic post-blast residues of low explosives from soil samples of forensic interest[J]. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 2011,15(2):213-226.
【14】HARGADON K A, MCCORD B R. Explosive residue analysis by capillary electrophoresis and ion chromatography[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1992,602(1/2):241-247.
【15】BEZEMER K D B, VAN DUIN L V A, MARTÍN-ALBERCA C, et al. Rapid forensic chemical classification of confiscated flash banger fireworks using capillary electrophoresis[J]. Forensic Chemistry, 2019,16:100187.
【16】HOPPER K G, LECLAIR H, MCCORD B R. A novel method for analysis of explosives residue by simultaneous detection of anions and cations via capillary zone electrophoresis[J]. Talanta, 2005,67(2):304-312.
【17】HUTCHINSON J P, EVENHUIS C J, JOHNS C, et al. Identification of inorganic improvised explosive devices by analysis of postblast residues using portable capillary electrophoresis instrumentation and indirect photometric detection with a light-emitting diode[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2007,79(18):7005-7013.
【18】ROYDS D, LEWIS S W, TAYLOR A M. A case study in forensic chemistry:The Bali bombings[J]. Talanta, 2005,67(2):262-268.
【19】SARAZIN C, DELAUNAY N, VARENNE A, et al. Capillary and microchip electrophoretic analyses of explosives and their residues[J]. Separation&Purification Reviews, 2010,39(1/2):63-94.
【20】KRAUSS S T, FORBES T P, LAWRENCE J A, et al. Detection of fuel-oxidizer explosives utilizing portable capillary electrophoresis with wipe-based sampling[J]. Electrophoresis, 2020,41(16/17):1482-1490.
【21】KRAUSS S T, FORBES T P, JOBES D. Inorganic oxidizer detection from propellants, pyrotechnics, and homemade explosive powders using gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis[J]. Electrophoresis, 2021,42(3):279-288.
【22】CHEN S H, WU H L, TANAKA M, et al. Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of iodide, nitrite, sulphide and thiocyanate anions by derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1987,396:129-137.
【23】FUNAZO K, TANAKA M, MORITA K, et al. Pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulphonate as a new derivatizing reagent for electron-capture gas chromatographic determination of trace inorganic anions[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1986,354:259-267.
【24】WU H L, HWANG W R, FUNAZO K, et al. Electron-capture gas chromatographic determination of cyanide as pentafluorobenzyl cyanide[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1984,284:193-200.
【25】TANAKA M, FUNAZO K, HIRASHIMA T, et al. Ethylation of inorganic anions, phenols and carboxylic acids for gas chromatographic determination[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1982,234(2):373-379.
【26】王永华.气相色谱法测定硝酸根离子[J].色谱, 1985,3(1):47-48.
【27】ZAPATA F, DE LA OSSA MaÁ F, GILCHRIST E, et al. Progressing the analysis of improvised explosive devices:Comparative study for trace detection of explosive residues in handprints by Raman spectroscopy and liquid chromatography[J]. Talanta, 2016,161:219-227.
【28】CHAJISTAMATIOU A S, BAKEAS E B. Identification of thiocyanates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in explosive residues used as a possible marker to indicate black powder usage[J]. Talanta, 2019,195:456-462.
【29】BRADLEY K S. Determination of elemental sulfur in explosives and explosive residues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2005,50(1):96-103.
【30】CUMMINS J, HULL J, KITTS K, et al. Separation and identification of anions using porous graphitic carbon and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry:Application to inorganic explosives and their post blast residues[J]. Analytical Methods, 2011,3(7):1682-1687.
【31】BARRON L, GILCHRIST E. Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry:A review of recent technologies and applications in forensic and environmental explosives analysis[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2014,806:27-54.
【32】GALLIDABINO M D, IRLAM R C, SALT M C, et al. Targeted and non-targeted forensic profiling of black powder substitutes and gunshot residue using gradient ion chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (IC-HRMS)[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2019,1072:1-14.
【33】胡灿,梅宏成,郭洪玲,等.常见炸药的稳定同位素比值分析方法研究进展[J].色谱, 2021,39(4):376-383.
【34】MIZOTA C, YAMANAKA T. The stable isotopic composition of historical black powder applicable to a Japanese Tanegashima matchlock[J]. Archaeometry, 2015,57(6):1095-1103.
【35】GENTILE N. Exploration of the contribution of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to the investigation of explosives:A study of black powders and ammonium nitrate fertilisers[D]. Switzerland:University of Lausanne, 2014.
【36】BENSON S J, LENNARD C J, MAYNARD P, et al. Forensic analysis of explosives using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)-part 2:Forensic inter-laboratory trial:Bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in a range of chemical compounds (Australia and New Zealand)[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2010,55(1):205-212.
【37】BENSON S J, LENNARD C J, HILL D M, et al. Forensic analysis of explosives using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)-part 1:Instrument validation of the DELTAplusXP IRMS for bulk nitrogen isotope ratio measurements[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2010,55(1):193-204.
【38】SOKOL E, JACKSON A U. Trace detection of inorganic oxidants using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry[J]. Central European Journal of Chemistry, 2011,9(5):790-797.
【39】FORBES T P, SISCO E. Recent advances in ambient mass spectrometry of trace explosives[J]. The Analyst, 2018,143(9):1948-1969.
【2】DANIEL W L, HAN M S, LEE J S, et al. Colorimetric nitrite and nitrate detection with gold nanoparticle probes and kinetic end points[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009,131(18):6362-6363.
【3】PETERS K L, CORBIN I, KAUFMAN L M, et al. Simultaneous colorimetric detection of improvised explosive compounds using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (1/4PADs)[J]. Analytical Methods, 2015,7(1):63-70.
【4】中华人民共和国公安部.法庭科学黑火药、烟火药元素成分检验扫描电子显微镜/X射线能谱法:GA/T 1520-2018[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2018.
【5】梁鲁宁,孙玉友,秦大方.SEM/EDX法检验黑火药爆炸、燃烧残留物[J].刑事技术, 1989(6):28-28.
【6】VERMEIJ E, DUVALOIS W, WEBB R, et al. Morphology and composition of pyrotechnic residues formed at different levels of confinement[J]. Forensic Science International, 2009,186(1/2/3):68-74.
【7】刘东,权养科,陶克明.X射线衍射法(XRD)检验无机炸药初探[J].刑事技术, 2007(1):9-11.
【8】HE N, NI Y C, TENG J, et al. Identification of inorganic oxidizing salts in homemade explosives using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy[J]. Spectrochimica Acta, Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2019,221:117164.
【9】王燕军,陈明,王清华,等.用拉曼光谱检验黑火药[J].刑事技术, 2014(1):23-25.
【10】ZAPATA F, GARCÍA-RUIZ C. Determination of nanogram microparticles from explosives after real open-air explosions by confocal Raman microscopy[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2016,88(13):6726-6733.
【11】ZHANG A L, FU D F, SUN J C, et al. A multi-channel system for qualitative explosive and drug detection[J]. Sensing and Imaging, 2018,19(1):1-16.
【12】刘丽萍,叶尚辉,黄维.荧光传感方法检测爆炸物的研究进展[J].应用化学, 2017,34(1):1-24.
【13】AHMAD U, TZE O, GHAZALI M F, et al. Analysis of anionic post-blast residues of low explosives from soil samples of forensic interest[J]. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 2011,15(2):213-226.
【14】HARGADON K A, MCCORD B R. Explosive residue analysis by capillary electrophoresis and ion chromatography[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1992,602(1/2):241-247.
【15】BEZEMER K D B, VAN DUIN L V A, MARTÍN-ALBERCA C, et al. Rapid forensic chemical classification of confiscated flash banger fireworks using capillary electrophoresis[J]. Forensic Chemistry, 2019,16:100187.
【16】HOPPER K G, LECLAIR H, MCCORD B R. A novel method for analysis of explosives residue by simultaneous detection of anions and cations via capillary zone electrophoresis[J]. Talanta, 2005,67(2):304-312.
【17】HUTCHINSON J P, EVENHUIS C J, JOHNS C, et al. Identification of inorganic improvised explosive devices by analysis of postblast residues using portable capillary electrophoresis instrumentation and indirect photometric detection with a light-emitting diode[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2007,79(18):7005-7013.
【18】ROYDS D, LEWIS S W, TAYLOR A M. A case study in forensic chemistry:The Bali bombings[J]. Talanta, 2005,67(2):262-268.
【19】SARAZIN C, DELAUNAY N, VARENNE A, et al. Capillary and microchip electrophoretic analyses of explosives and their residues[J]. Separation&Purification Reviews, 2010,39(1/2):63-94.
【20】KRAUSS S T, FORBES T P, LAWRENCE J A, et al. Detection of fuel-oxidizer explosives utilizing portable capillary electrophoresis with wipe-based sampling[J]. Electrophoresis, 2020,41(16/17):1482-1490.
【21】KRAUSS S T, FORBES T P, JOBES D. Inorganic oxidizer detection from propellants, pyrotechnics, and homemade explosive powders using gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis[J]. Electrophoresis, 2021,42(3):279-288.
【22】CHEN S H, WU H L, TANAKA M, et al. Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of iodide, nitrite, sulphide and thiocyanate anions by derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1987,396:129-137.
【23】FUNAZO K, TANAKA M, MORITA K, et al. Pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulphonate as a new derivatizing reagent for electron-capture gas chromatographic determination of trace inorganic anions[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1986,354:259-267.
【24】WU H L, HWANG W R, FUNAZO K, et al. Electron-capture gas chromatographic determination of cyanide as pentafluorobenzyl cyanide[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1984,284:193-200.
【25】TANAKA M, FUNAZO K, HIRASHIMA T, et al. Ethylation of inorganic anions, phenols and carboxylic acids for gas chromatographic determination[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1982,234(2):373-379.
【26】王永华.气相色谱法测定硝酸根离子[J].色谱, 1985,3(1):47-48.
【27】ZAPATA F, DE LA OSSA MaÁ F, GILCHRIST E, et al. Progressing the analysis of improvised explosive devices:Comparative study for trace detection of explosive residues in handprints by Raman spectroscopy and liquid chromatography[J]. Talanta, 2016,161:219-227.
【28】CHAJISTAMATIOU A S, BAKEAS E B. Identification of thiocyanates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in explosive residues used as a possible marker to indicate black powder usage[J]. Talanta, 2019,195:456-462.
【29】BRADLEY K S. Determination of elemental sulfur in explosives and explosive residues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2005,50(1):96-103.
【30】CUMMINS J, HULL J, KITTS K, et al. Separation and identification of anions using porous graphitic carbon and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry:Application to inorganic explosives and their post blast residues[J]. Analytical Methods, 2011,3(7):1682-1687.
【31】BARRON L, GILCHRIST E. Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry:A review of recent technologies and applications in forensic and environmental explosives analysis[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2014,806:27-54.
【32】GALLIDABINO M D, IRLAM R C, SALT M C, et al. Targeted and non-targeted forensic profiling of black powder substitutes and gunshot residue using gradient ion chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (IC-HRMS)[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2019,1072:1-14.
【33】胡灿,梅宏成,郭洪玲,等.常见炸药的稳定同位素比值分析方法研究进展[J].色谱, 2021,39(4):376-383.
【34】MIZOTA C, YAMANAKA T. The stable isotopic composition of historical black powder applicable to a Japanese Tanegashima matchlock[J]. Archaeometry, 2015,57(6):1095-1103.
【35】GENTILE N. Exploration of the contribution of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to the investigation of explosives:A study of black powders and ammonium nitrate fertilisers[D]. Switzerland:University of Lausanne, 2014.
【36】BENSON S J, LENNARD C J, MAYNARD P, et al. Forensic analysis of explosives using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)-part 2:Forensic inter-laboratory trial:Bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in a range of chemical compounds (Australia and New Zealand)[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2010,55(1):205-212.
【37】BENSON S J, LENNARD C J, HILL D M, et al. Forensic analysis of explosives using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)-part 1:Instrument validation of the DELTAplusXP IRMS for bulk nitrogen isotope ratio measurements[J]. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2010,55(1):193-204.
【38】SOKOL E, JACKSON A U. Trace detection of inorganic oxidants using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry[J]. Central European Journal of Chemistry, 2011,9(5):790-797.
【39】FORBES T P, SISCO E. Recent advances in ambient mass spectrometry of trace explosives[J]. The Analyst, 2018,143(9):1948-1969.
相关信息
