呼出气体中毒品及其代谢物检测方法的研究进展
Research Progress on Detection Methods of Narcotic Drugs and Their Metabolites in Exhaled Breath
摘 要
呼出气体作为检验基质可实现非侵入式样本采集和随时随地取样分析，契合现场快速检测的实战化需要。基于国内外研究前沿，综述了呼出气体中毒品及其代谢物检测方法的最新进展，介绍了呼出气体中毒品标志物的收集、色谱-质谱联用技术、直接质谱检测技术、基于特异性反应的检测技术、电化学传感器检测技术和离子迁移谱技术等方法的特点和适用范围，重点讨论了不同方法在毒品快速检测技术及装备开发方面的可行性与应用潜力，并对呼出气体中毒品及其代谢物检测技术及相应装备的发展方向进行了展望（引用文献48篇）。
呼出气体
检测方法
narcotic drug
exhaled breath
detection method
Abstract
Exhaled breath could be used as the test matrix for non-invasive real-time sampling, which could meet the practical needs of on-site rapid detection. Based on the forefront of domestic and international research, the latest progress on detection methods of narcotic drugs and their metabolites in exhaled breath was reviewed, and the characteristics and application potentials of different methods, mainly including the collection method for markers of narcotic drugs in exhaled breath, chromatography-mass spectrometry, direct mass spectrometry, specific reaction related methods, electrochemical sensors and ion mobility spectrometry, were introduced. The feasibility and potential application of different methods in the development of rapid narcotic drug detection technology and equipment were discussed in detail, and the development direction of detection technology and related equipment for narcotic drugs and their metabolites in exhaled breath was also prospected (48 ref. cited).
中图分类号 O65 DOI 10.11973/lhjy-hx202312022
所属栏目 综述
基金项目 浙江省基础公益研究计划（LGF21B050002）；清华大学本科教改项目（ZY01_02）
收稿日期 2023/4/10
修改稿日期
网络出版日期
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备注徐静阳,博士,研究方向为微量物质快速检测技术及装备研发,jyxu@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
引用该论文: XU Jingyang,ZHAO Sen,YAO Weixuan. Research Progress on Detection Methods of Narcotic Drugs and Their Metabolites in Exhaled Breath[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis part B:Chemical Analysis, 2023, 59(12): 1476～1482
徐静阳,赵森,姚伟宣. 呼出气体中毒品及其代谢物检测方法的研究进展[J]. 理化检验－化学分册, 2023, 59(12): 1476～1482
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参考文献
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【4】MIRZAEI H, O'BRIEN A, TASNIM N, et al. Topical review on monitoring tetrahydrocannabinol in breath[J]. Journal of Breath Research, 2020,14(3):034002.
【5】ONGARI D, LIU Y M, SMIT B. Can metal-organic frameworks be used for cannabis breathalyzers?[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019,11(38):34777-34786.
【6】BERCHTOLD C, BOSILKOVSKA M, DAALI Y, et al. Real-time monitoring of exhaled drugs by mass spectrometry[J]. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 2014,33(5):394-413.
【7】COUCKE L, MASSARINI E, OSTIJN Z, et al. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations in exhaled breath and physiological effects following cannabis intake-A pilot study using illicit cannabis[J]. Clinical Biochemistry, 2016,49(13/14):1072-1077.
【8】BECK O, SANDQVIST S, DUBBELBOER I, et al. Detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in exhaled breath collected from cannabis users[J]. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 2011,35(8):541-544.
【9】XU F, ZHOU J D, YANG H, et al. Recent advances in exhaled breath sample preparation technologies for drug of abuse detection[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2022,157:116828.
【10】KAMYSEK S, FUCHS P, SCHWOEBEL H, et al. Drug detection in breath:Effects of pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output on propofol exhalation[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2011,401(7):2093-2102.
【11】WANG H, LI E Y, XU G W, et al. Intravenous fentanyl is exhaled and the concentration fluctuates with time[J]. Journal of International Medical Research, 2009,37(4):1158-1166.
【12】ZHANG J, ZHANG Y, XU C, et al. Detection of abused drugs in human exhaled breath using mass spectrometry:A review[J]. Rapid communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2023,9999:e9503.
【13】TREFZ P, KAMYSEK S, FUCHS P, et al. Drug detection in breath:Non-invasive assessment of illicit or pharmaceutical drugs[J]. Journal of Breath Research, 2017,11(2):024001.
【14】KLIMUNTOWSKI M, ALAM M M, SINGH G, et al. Electrochemical sensing of cannabinoids in biofluids:A noninvasive tool for drug detection[J]. ACS Sensors, 2020,5(3):620-636.
【15】HUBBARD J A, SMITH B E, SOBOLESKY P M, et al. Validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to detect cannabinoids in whole blood and breath[J]. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2020,58(5):673-681.
【16】KINTZ P, MURA P, JAMEY C, et al. Detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in exhaled breath after cannabis smoking and comparison with oral fluid[J]. Forensic Toxicology, 2017,35(1):173-178.
【17】LUO Y R, YUN C, LYNCH K L. Quantitation of cannabinoids in breath samples using a novel derivatization LC-MS/MS assay with ultra-high sensitivity[J]. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 2019,43(5):331-339.
【18】ULLAH S, SANDQVIST S, BECK O. A liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method to determine 28 non-volatile drugs of abuse in exhaled breath[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2018,148:251-258.
【19】姜姗,陈捷,苏梦翔.呼出气体分析技术在滥用药物检测中的研究进展[J].药物分析杂志, 2021,41(8):1368-1374.
【20】WURZ G T, DEGREGORIO M W. Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) levels in blood and breath[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022,12(1):8323.
【21】BORRAS E, CHENG A, WUN T, et al. Detecting opioid metabolites in exhaled breath condensate (EBC)[J]. Journal of Breath Research, 2019,13(4):046014.
【22】WONG A, XIANG X Q, ONG P, et al. A review on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for rapid quantification of oncology drugs[J]. Pharmaceutics, 2018,10(4):221.
【23】LYNCH KARA L, RUBEN L Y, SHIRIN H, et al. Correlation of breath and blood Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and release kinetics following controlled administration of smoked cannabis[J]. Clinical Chemistry, 2019,65(9):1171-1179.
【24】YUAN Z C, LI W, WU L, et al. Solid-phase microextraction fiber in face mask for in vivo sampling and direct mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled breath aerosol[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2020,92(17):11543-11547.
【25】CASAS-FERREIRA A M, DEL NOGAL-SÁNCHEZ M, PÉREZ-PAVÓN J L, et al. Non-separative mass spectrometry methods for non-invasive medical diagnostics based on volatile organic compounds:A review[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2019,1045:10-22.
【26】KLEEBLATT J, SCHUBERT J K, ZIMMERMANN R. Detection of gaseous compounds by needle trap sampling and direct thermal-desorption photoionization mass spectrometry:Concept and demonstrative application to breath gas analysis[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2015,87(3):1773-1781.
【27】BERCHTOLD C, MEIER L, ZENOBI R. Evaluation of extractive electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for the detection of narcotics in breath[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2011,299(2/3):145-150.
【28】GIANNOUKOS S, AGAPIOU A, BRKIĆ B, et al. Volatolomics:A broad area of experimentation[J]. Journal of Chromatography B, 2019,1105:136-147.
【29】CHEN H, CHEN C A, HUANG W, et al. Miniaturized ion mobility spectrometer with a dual-compression tristate ion shutter for on-site rapid screening of fentanyl drug mixtures[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2019,91(14):9138-9146.
【30】徐静阳,方少波,周婧.利用光谱和质谱成像技术实现指纹痕量检测[J].物理学报, 2019,68(6):7-16.
【31】WANG J, YAO W, MENG F, et al. A surface plasmon resonance immunoassay for the rapid analysis of methamphetamine in forensic oral fluid[J]. Journal of Clinical laboratory Analysis, 2019,33(9):e22993.
【32】HAMIDI S. Drug detection in biological specimens:Recent colorimetric methods[J]. Bioanalysis, 2018,10(3):127-130.
【33】DUNK K, HEANUE J, JAIN H, et al. Development of a portable marijuana breathalyzer [EB/OL]. (2018-02-01)[2023-04-10].https://houndlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Hound-TRT-Pittcon-Poster.pdf.
【34】DAGAR M, YADAV S, SAI V V R, et al. Emerging trends in point-of-care sensors for illicit drugs analysis[J]. Talanta, 2022,238:123048.
【35】DARZI E R, GARG N K. Electrochemical oxidation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol:A simple strategy for marijuana detection[J]. Organic Letters, 2020,22(10):3951-3955.
【36】HUANG D, FORBES C R, GARG N K, et al. A cannabinoid fuel cell capable of producing current by oxidizing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol[J]. Organic Letters, 2022,24(37):6705-6710.
【37】HWANG S I, FRANCONI N G, ROTHFUSS M A, et al. Tetrahydrocannabinol detection using semiconductor-enriched single-walled carbon nanotube chemiresistors[J]. ACS Sensors, 2019,4(8):2084-2093.
【38】GIANNOUKOS S, BRKIĆ B, TAYLOR S, et al. Chemical sniffing instrumentation for security applications[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2016,116(14):8146-8172.
【39】MOHSEN Y, GHARBI N, LENOUVEL A, et al. Detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, methamphetamine and amphetamine in air at low ppb level using a field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry microchip sensor[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2014,87:536-539.
【40】ATTARIWALA R, MALHI K, YOST R, et al. Device and method for detection of cannabis and other controlled substances using faims:US20190307396[P]. 2019-10-10.
【41】GENT L, PAUL R. Air monitoring for illegal drugs including new psychoactive substances:A review of trends, techniques and thermal degradation products[J]. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2021,13(6):1078-1094.
【42】ARMENTA S, DE LA GUARDIA M, ALCALÀ M, et al. Ion mobility spectrometry evaluation of cocaine occupational exposure in forensic laboratories[J]. Talanta, 2014,130:251-258.
【43】COSTANZO M T, BOOCK J J, KEMPERMAN R H J, et al. Portable FAIMS:Applications and future perspectives[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2017,422:188-196.
【44】纪军,张彦,王梨平,等.新型不对称场离子迁移谱检测技术及其应用[J].现代科学仪器, 2005(3):9-12.
【45】RAMZY V, PRIEFER R. THC detection in the breath[J]. Talanta, 2021,222:121528.
【46】PAKNAHAD M, BACHHAL J S, AHMADI A, et al. Characterization of channel coating and dimensions of microfluidic-based gas detectors[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 2017,241:55-64.
【47】PAKNAHAD M, MCINTOSH C, HOORFAR M. Selective detection of volatile organic compounds in microfluidic gas detectors based on "like dissolves like"[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019,9:161.
【2】RAHIMPOUR E, KHOUBNASABJAFARI M, JOUYBAN-GHARAMALEKI V, et al. Non-volatile compounds in exhaled breath condensate:Review of methodological aspects[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2018,410(25):6411-6440.
【3】BRUDERER T, GAISL T, GAUGG M T, et al. On-line analysis of exhaled breath[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2019,119(19):10803-10828.
【4】MIRZAEI H, O'BRIEN A, TASNIM N, et al. Topical review on monitoring tetrahydrocannabinol in breath[J]. Journal of Breath Research, 2020,14(3):034002.
【5】ONGARI D, LIU Y M, SMIT B. Can metal-organic frameworks be used for cannabis breathalyzers?[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019,11(38):34777-34786.
【6】BERCHTOLD C, BOSILKOVSKA M, DAALI Y, et al. Real-time monitoring of exhaled drugs by mass spectrometry[J]. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 2014,33(5):394-413.
【7】COUCKE L, MASSARINI E, OSTIJN Z, et al. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations in exhaled breath and physiological effects following cannabis intake-A pilot study using illicit cannabis[J]. Clinical Biochemistry, 2016,49(13/14):1072-1077.
【8】BECK O, SANDQVIST S, DUBBELBOER I, et al. Detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in exhaled breath collected from cannabis users[J]. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 2011,35(8):541-544.
【9】XU F, ZHOU J D, YANG H, et al. Recent advances in exhaled breath sample preparation technologies for drug of abuse detection[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2022,157:116828.
【10】KAMYSEK S, FUCHS P, SCHWOEBEL H, et al. Drug detection in breath:Effects of pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output on propofol exhalation[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2011,401(7):2093-2102.
【11】WANG H, LI E Y, XU G W, et al. Intravenous fentanyl is exhaled and the concentration fluctuates with time[J]. Journal of International Medical Research, 2009,37(4):1158-1166.
【12】ZHANG J, ZHANG Y, XU C, et al. Detection of abused drugs in human exhaled breath using mass spectrometry:A review[J]. Rapid communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2023,9999:e9503.
【13】TREFZ P, KAMYSEK S, FUCHS P, et al. Drug detection in breath:Non-invasive assessment of illicit or pharmaceutical drugs[J]. Journal of Breath Research, 2017,11(2):024001.
【14】KLIMUNTOWSKI M, ALAM M M, SINGH G, et al. Electrochemical sensing of cannabinoids in biofluids:A noninvasive tool for drug detection[J]. ACS Sensors, 2020,5(3):620-636.
【15】HUBBARD J A, SMITH B E, SOBOLESKY P M, et al. Validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to detect cannabinoids in whole blood and breath[J]. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2020,58(5):673-681.
【16】KINTZ P, MURA P, JAMEY C, et al. Detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in exhaled breath after cannabis smoking and comparison with oral fluid[J]. Forensic Toxicology, 2017,35(1):173-178.
【17】LUO Y R, YUN C, LYNCH K L. Quantitation of cannabinoids in breath samples using a novel derivatization LC-MS/MS assay with ultra-high sensitivity[J]. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 2019,43(5):331-339.
【18】ULLAH S, SANDQVIST S, BECK O. A liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method to determine 28 non-volatile drugs of abuse in exhaled breath[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2018,148:251-258.
【19】姜姗,陈捷,苏梦翔.呼出气体分析技术在滥用药物检测中的研究进展[J].药物分析杂志, 2021,41(8):1368-1374.
【20】WURZ G T, DEGREGORIO M W. Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) levels in blood and breath[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022,12(1):8323.
【21】BORRAS E, CHENG A, WUN T, et al. Detecting opioid metabolites in exhaled breath condensate (EBC)[J]. Journal of Breath Research, 2019,13(4):046014.
【22】WONG A, XIANG X Q, ONG P, et al. A review on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for rapid quantification of oncology drugs[J]. Pharmaceutics, 2018,10(4):221.
【23】LYNCH KARA L, RUBEN L Y, SHIRIN H, et al. Correlation of breath and blood Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and release kinetics following controlled administration of smoked cannabis[J]. Clinical Chemistry, 2019,65(9):1171-1179.
【24】YUAN Z C, LI W, WU L, et al. Solid-phase microextraction fiber in face mask for in vivo sampling and direct mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled breath aerosol[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2020,92(17):11543-11547.
【25】CASAS-FERREIRA A M, DEL NOGAL-SÁNCHEZ M, PÉREZ-PAVÓN J L, et al. Non-separative mass spectrometry methods for non-invasive medical diagnostics based on volatile organic compounds:A review[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2019,1045:10-22.
【26】KLEEBLATT J, SCHUBERT J K, ZIMMERMANN R. Detection of gaseous compounds by needle trap sampling and direct thermal-desorption photoionization mass spectrometry:Concept and demonstrative application to breath gas analysis[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2015,87(3):1773-1781.
【27】BERCHTOLD C, MEIER L, ZENOBI R. Evaluation of extractive electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for the detection of narcotics in breath[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2011,299(2/3):145-150.
【28】GIANNOUKOS S, AGAPIOU A, BRKIĆ B, et al. Volatolomics:A broad area of experimentation[J]. Journal of Chromatography B, 2019,1105:136-147.
【29】CHEN H, CHEN C A, HUANG W, et al. Miniaturized ion mobility spectrometer with a dual-compression tristate ion shutter for on-site rapid screening of fentanyl drug mixtures[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2019,91(14):9138-9146.
【30】徐静阳,方少波,周婧.利用光谱和质谱成像技术实现指纹痕量检测[J].物理学报, 2019,68(6):7-16.
【31】WANG J, YAO W, MENG F, et al. A surface plasmon resonance immunoassay for the rapid analysis of methamphetamine in forensic oral fluid[J]. Journal of Clinical laboratory Analysis, 2019,33(9):e22993.
【32】HAMIDI S. Drug detection in biological specimens:Recent colorimetric methods[J]. Bioanalysis, 2018,10(3):127-130.
【33】DUNK K, HEANUE J, JAIN H, et al. Development of a portable marijuana breathalyzer [EB/OL]. (2018-02-01)[2023-04-10].https://houndlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Hound-TRT-Pittcon-Poster.pdf.
【34】DAGAR M, YADAV S, SAI V V R, et al. Emerging trends in point-of-care sensors for illicit drugs analysis[J]. Talanta, 2022,238:123048.
【35】DARZI E R, GARG N K. Electrochemical oxidation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol:A simple strategy for marijuana detection[J]. Organic Letters, 2020,22(10):3951-3955.
【36】HUANG D, FORBES C R, GARG N K, et al. A cannabinoid fuel cell capable of producing current by oxidizing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol[J]. Organic Letters, 2022,24(37):6705-6710.
【37】HWANG S I, FRANCONI N G, ROTHFUSS M A, et al. Tetrahydrocannabinol detection using semiconductor-enriched single-walled carbon nanotube chemiresistors[J]. ACS Sensors, 2019,4(8):2084-2093.
【38】GIANNOUKOS S, BRKIĆ B, TAYLOR S, et al. Chemical sniffing instrumentation for security applications[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2016,116(14):8146-8172.
【39】MOHSEN Y, GHARBI N, LENOUVEL A, et al. Detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, methamphetamine and amphetamine in air at low ppb level using a field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry microchip sensor[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2014,87:536-539.
【40】ATTARIWALA R, MALHI K, YOST R, et al. Device and method for detection of cannabis and other controlled substances using faims:US20190307396[P]. 2019-10-10.
【41】GENT L, PAUL R. Air monitoring for illegal drugs including new psychoactive substances:A review of trends, techniques and thermal degradation products[J]. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2021,13(6):1078-1094.
【42】ARMENTA S, DE LA GUARDIA M, ALCALÀ M, et al. Ion mobility spectrometry evaluation of cocaine occupational exposure in forensic laboratories[J]. Talanta, 2014,130:251-258.
【43】COSTANZO M T, BOOCK J J, KEMPERMAN R H J, et al. Portable FAIMS:Applications and future perspectives[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2017,422:188-196.
【44】纪军,张彦,王梨平,等.新型不对称场离子迁移谱检测技术及其应用[J].现代科学仪器, 2005(3):9-12.
【45】RAMZY V, PRIEFER R. THC detection in the breath[J]. Talanta, 2021,222:121528.
【46】PAKNAHAD M, BACHHAL J S, AHMADI A, et al. Characterization of channel coating and dimensions of microfluidic-based gas detectors[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 2017,241:55-64.
【47】PAKNAHAD M, MCINTOSH C, HOORFAR M. Selective detection of volatile organic compounds in microfluidic gas detectors based on "like dissolves like"[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019,9:161.
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