材料分析的内容多种多样, 所使用的方法和试验仪器也多种多样, 如何选用合适的试验仪器和研究方法, 这对于从事材料研究、开发和生产的工程技术人员、材料的应用人员以及材料质量的检测人员都十分重要。本文简单介绍了材料分析的层次和内容, 材料分析的试验方法及其分类, 谱学及其应用, 射线衍射和结晶物质的结构研究, 散射术和成像术及其应用; 然后以对比综合的方式讨论了合理选择和应用各种试验研究方法的基本原则, 并对不同的材料分析内容推荐了较为合理的试验研究方法。

The contents of material analysis are varied and the test methods and instruments are also manifold. How do ones selected reasonable instruments and methods are very important for the researchers and engineers working at research, development, production and application of materials as well as testing of material quality. This paper have introduced briefly levels and contents of material analysis, experimental methods and their classify of material analysis, spectroscopy and application, ray diffraction and structural research of crystalline substances, scattering and imaging technologies and applications. Basic principles of reasonable using various experimental researching methods have been discussed in comparison and comprehensive ways. The more reasonable methods have been recommended for different material analysis contents.