通过对压痕过程进行理论分析, 基于能量法研究了残余应力测试原理和方法。通过张量分解, 推导了残余应力在压痕过程中所做的功;通过有限元分析, 总结了残余应力对压痕过程的影响;根据功与能量的关系, 建立了压痕功与残余应力之间的解析模型, 并推导了残余应力求解公式。结果表明: 残余应力对压痕加载的初始阶段影响很大, 但对加载的后半阶段和卸载过程的影响很小, 可忽略不计, 并且拉应力对压痕过程的影响明显大于压应力, 可以认为压痕在加载过程中是一个弹塑性的变形过程, 而在卸载过程中是弹性变形过程;试验证明了所建立的残余应力模型求解的残余应力是准确可靠的, 可以用于残余应力的测试。

Based on theoretical analysis of indentation process, the test principle and method of residual stress were studied in terms of energy method. The work residual stress did in the indentation process can be derived through the tensor decomposition, and the effect of residual stress on indentation was summarized on the basis of finite element simulation. According to relationship between work and energy, an analytical model between indentation work and the residual stress, and a derived formula of residual stress were established. The results show that residual stress had a large impact on the initial process of the indentation loading, while it had little influence on the second half of the loading and unloading, which was negligible. The impact of tensile stress was greater than that of pressure stress on indentation process. The loading in indentation process can be considered an elastic-plastic deformation process, while the unloading was only an elastic deformation process. The calculated residual stress in accordance with established residual stress model was accurate and reliable, which can be used for the test of residual stress.