Citation: | ZHU Xiaoyong, LIU Jiaqin, TAN Xiaoyue, WU Yucheng. Research Progress on Preparation and Service Properties of Plasma-Facing Self-passivating Tungsten Alloys[J]. Materials and Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 49(6): 1-11. DOI: 10.11973/jxgccl240231 |
Tungsten is considered as one of the most promising candidates for plasma-facing materials in future nuclear fusion devices due to its merits of high melting point, high thermal conductivity, low sputtering rate and low deuterium/tritium retention. However, tungsten has poor oxidation resistance. In the event of the loss-of-coolant accident accompanied by vacuum chamber rupture, tungsten rapidly oxidizes and sublimates, exposing the fusion device to the risk of radioactive material leakage. Solving the problem of high-temperature oxidation resistance from improving tungsten materials and enhancing surface protection is of great significance for fundamentally solving the safe operation of nuclear fusion devices. For this purpose, the concept of self-passivating tungsten alloys is proposed. The high-temperature oxidation characteristics and antioxidation strategies and mechanisms of tungsten are introduced. The preparation methods of self-passivating tungsten alloys are described. The anti-oxidation strategies of self-passivating tungsten alloys are analyzed from the aspects of composition and microstructure. The service properties such as mechanical, thermal and irradiation properties of self-passivating tungsten alloys are reviewed, and the future research directions are proposed.
[1] |
周问雪. 全球能源未来发展的五个趋势[J]. 新能源经贸观察,2018(11):28-31.
ZHOU W X. Five trends of global energy development in the future[J]. Energy Outlook,2018(11):28-31.
|
[2] |
HAMACHER T,BRADSHAW AFusion as a future power source:Recent achievements and prospectsProceedings of the 18th World Energy Congress[S. l.]World Energy Council2001119HAMACHER T ,BRADSHAW A. Fusion as a future power source:Recent achievements and prospects[C]//Proceedings of the 18th World Energy Congress. [S. l.]:World Energy Council,2001:1-19.
|
[3] |
赵君煜. 国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)计划[J]. 物理,2004,33(4):257-260.
ZHAO J Y. The international thermonuclear experimental reactor program[J]. Physics,2004,33(4):257-260.
|
[4] |
COENEN J W ,ANTUSCH S ,AUMANN M ,et al. Materials for DEMO and reactor applications:Boundary conditions and new concepts[J]. Physica Scripta,2016,T167:014002.
|
[5] |
NEU R ,HOPF C ,KALLENBACH A ,et al. Operational conditions in a W-clad Tokamak[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2007,367:1497-1502.
|
[6] |
MAISONNIER D ,COOK I ,PIERRE S ,et al. DEMO and fusion power plant conceptual studies in Europe[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design,2006,81(8/9/10/11/12/13/14):1123-1130.
|
[7] |
LUNK H J ,HARTL H. Discovery,properties and applications of tungsten and its inorganic compounds[J]. ChemTexts,2019,5(3):15.
|
[8] |
MEYER G ,OOSTEROM M J F ,DE ROO J L. The vapour pressure of tungsten trioxide[J]. Recueil Des Travaux Chimiques Des Pays-Bas,1959,78(6):412-416.
|
[9] |
SHAPIRO J S ,WATTON E C ,KILFORD J M. Relationship between rate of evaporation and vapor pressure of binary systems[J]. Journal of Chemical Education,1975,52(7):439.
|
[10] |
WEGENER T ,KLEIN F ,LITNOVSKY A ,et al. Development of yttrium-containing self-passivating tungsten alloys for future fusion power plants[J]. Nuclear Materials and Energy,2016,9:394-398.
|
[11] |
LITNOVSKY A ,KLEIN F ,TAN X ,et al. Advanced self-passivating alloys for an application under extreme conditions[J]. Metals,2021,11(8):1255.
|
[12] |
KOCH F ,BOLT H. Self passivating W-based alloys as plasma facing material for nuclear fusion[J]. Physica Scripta,2007,T128:100-105.
|
[13] |
RIZZO F E ,BIDWELL L R ,FRANK D F. Thermodynamics of the tungsten-oxygen system[J]. Transactions of AIME,1967,239:1901-1905.
|
[14] |
BONNET J P ,NOWOTNY J ,ONILLON M ,et al. Surface electrical properties of tungsten oxides in equilibrium with the gas phase[J]. Oxidation of Metals,1979,13(3):273-282.
|
[15] |
吴锵,王雄. 材料物理化学[M]. 北京:国防工业出版社,2012.
WU Q ,WANG X. Physical chemistry in materials[M]. Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2012.
|
[16] |
NAGY D ,HUMPHRY-BAKER S A. An oxidation mechanism map for tungsten[J]. Scripta Materialia,2022,209:114373.
|
[17] |
KLEIN FStudies of oxidation resistant tungsten alloys at temperatures of 1 100 K to 1 475 KJülichSchriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt/Energy & Environment2019KLEIN F. Studies of oxidation resistant tungsten alloys at temperatures of 1 100 K to 1 475 K[D]. Jülich:Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt/Energy & Environment,2019.
|
[18] |
CIFUENTES S C ,MONGE M A ,PÉREZ P. On the oxidation mechanism of pure tungsten in the temperature range 600–800 ℃[J]. Corrosion Science,2012,57:114-121.
|
[19] |
CARL W. Theoretical analysis of the diffusion processes determining the oxidation rate of alloys[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1952,99(10):369.
|
[20] |
LIU H Y ,FENG Y J ,LI P ,et al. Enhanced plasticity of the oxide scales by in situ formed Cr2O3/Cr heterostructures for Cr-based coatings on Zr alloy in 1 200 ℃ steam[J]. Corrosion Science,2021,184:109361.
|
[21] |
HANCOCK P ,HURST R C. The mechanical properties and breakdown of surface oxide films at elevated temperatures[M]//Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology. Boston,MA,USA:Springer,1974:1-84.
|
[22] |
PILLING N ,BEDWORTH R. The oxidation of metals at high temperatures[J]. The Journal of the Institute of Metals,1922,29(1):618-624.
|
[23] |
GULBRANSEN E A ,ANDREW K F. Kinetics of the oxidation of pure tungsten from 500 ℃ to 1 300 ℃[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1960,107(7):619.
|
[24] |
HUMPHRY-BAKER S A ,LEE W E. Tungsten carbide is more oxidation resistant than tungsten when processed to full density[J]. Scripta Materialia,2016,116:67-70.
|
[25] |
BLACKBURN P E,ANDREW K F,GULBRANSEN E A,et alOxidation of tungsten and tungsten based alloysCranberry Township,PAWestinghouse Electric Corp. Research Labs.1961BLACKBURN P E ,ANDREW K F ,GULBRANSEN E A ,et al. Oxidation of tungsten and tungsten based alloys[R]. Cranberry Township,PA:Westinghouse Electric Corp. Research Labs.,1961.
|
[26] |
SCHUBERT E L A W. Tungsten:Properties,chemistry,technology of the element,alloys,and chemical compounds[M]. New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers,1999.
|
[27] |
PINT B A ,TERRANI K A ,BRADY M P ,et al. High temperature oxidation of fuel cladding candidate materials in steam–hydrogen environments[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2013,440(1/2/3):420-427.
|
[28] |
EBIBRA W T,MEULI W P,SPEISER R,et alResearch on the oxidation behavior of tungsten:Part Ⅱ. The kinetics of oxidation of tungsten[S. l.][s. n.]1962EBIBRA W T ,MEULI W P ,SPEISER R ,et al. Research on the oxidation behavior of tungsten:Part Ⅱ. The kinetics of oxidation of tungsten[R]. [S. l.]:[s. n.],1962.
|
[29] |
XIE A L ,YANG F ,ZHANG B ,et al. Isothermal and cyclic oxidation behavior of a sandwiched coating for C/C composites[J]. Ceramics International,2021,47(23):32505-32513.
|
[30] |
KIM H G ,KIM I H ,JUNG Y I ,et al. Adhesion property and high-temperature oxidation behavior of Cr-coated zircaloy-4 cladding tube prepared by 3D laser coating[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2015,465:531-539.
|
[31] |
WAGIH M ,SPENCER B ,HALES J ,et al. Fuel performance of chromium-coated zirconium alloy and silicon carbide accident tolerant fuel claddings[J]. Annals of Nuclear Energy,2018,120:304-318.
|
[32] |
WANG Y D ,ZHOU W C ,WEN Q L ,et al. Behavior of plasma sprayed Cr coatings and FeCrAl coatings on Zr fuel cladding under loss-of-coolant accident conditions[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology,2018,344:141-148.
|
[33] |
MENG C Y ,YANG L ,WU Y W ,et al. Study of the oxidation behavior of CrN coating on Zr alloy in air[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2019,515:354-369.
|
[34] |
ZHONG W C ,MOUCHE P A ,HAN X C ,et al. Performance of iron-chromium-aluminum alloy surface coatings on zircaloy 2 under high-temperature steam and normal BWR operating conditions[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2016,470:327-338.
|
[35] |
SABANAYAGAM S ,CHOCKALINGAM S. Analysis of high temperature oxidation behaviour of SS316 by Al2O3 and Cr2O3 coating[J]. Materials Today:Proceedings,2020,33:2641-2645.
|
[36] |
PARK J H ,KIM H G ,PARK J Y ,et al. High temperature steam-oxidation behavior of arc ion plated Cr coatings for accident tolerant fuel claddings[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology,2015,280:256-259.
|
[37] |
YOON J K ,LEE K W ,CHUNG S J ,et al. Growth kinetics and oxidation behavior of WSi2 coating formed by chemical vapor deposition of Si on W substrate[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2006,420(1/2):199-206.
|
[38] |
LIU W ,DI J ,ZHANG W X ,et al. Oxidation resistance behavior of smart W-Si bulk composites[J]. Corrosion Science,2020,163:108222.
|
[39] |
LITNOVSKY A ,WEGENER T ,KLEIN F ,et al. New oxidation-resistant tungsten alloys for use in the nuclear fusion reactors[J]. Physica Scripta,2017,T170:014012.
|
[40] |
CAI Y ,YAN H ,ZHU M Y ,et al. High-temperature oxidation behavior and corrosion behavior of high strength Mg-xGd alloys with high Gd content[J]. Corrosion Science,2021,193:109872.
|
[41] |
ZHANG Y B ,ZOU D N ,LI Y N ,et al. Effect of Al content on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of 18Cr-Al-Si ferritic heat-resistant stainless steel[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2021,11:1730-1740.
|
[42] |
LEONG A ,YANG Q F ,MCALPINE S W ,et al. Oxidation behavior of Fe-Cr-2Si alloys in high temperature steam[J]. Corrosion Science,2021,179:109114.
|
[43] |
LIU W ,DI J ,XUE L H ,et al. Phase evolution progress and properties of W-Si composites prepared by spark plasma sintering[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2018,766:739-747.
|
[44] |
WU J ,CHONG X Y ,JIANG Y H ,et al. Stability,electronic structure,mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Fe-Si binary compounds[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,693:859-870.
|
[45] |
TAKEYAMA M ,ICHIKAWA T ,NOYA A. Oxidation behavior of Al-W alloy films deposited on Cu as a passivation layer[J]. Thin Solid Films,1996,272(1):18-20.
|
[46] |
LOEWENHOFF T ,LINKE J ,PINTSUK G ,et al. Tungsten and CFC degradation under combined high cycle transient and steady state heat loads[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design,2012,87(7/8):1201-1205.
|
[47] |
TAN X Y ,KLEIN F ,LITNOVSKY A ,et al. Evaluation of the high temperature oxidation of W-Cr-Zr self-passivating alloys[J]. Corrosion Science,2019,147:201-211.
|
[48] |
WEGENER T ,KLEIN F ,LITNOVSKY A ,et al. Development and analyses of self-passivating tungsten alloys for DEMO accidental conditions[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design,2017,124:183-186.
|
[49] |
LÓPEZ-RUIZ P ,ORDÁS N ,ITURRIZA I ,et al. Powder metallurgical processing of self-passivating tungsten alloys for fusion first wall application[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2013,442(1/2/3):S219-S224.
|
[50] |
BACHURINA D ,TAN X Y ,KLEIN F ,et al. Self-passivating smart tungsten alloys for DEMO:A progress in joining and upscale for a first wall mockup[J]. Tungsten,2021,3(1):101-115.
|
[51] |
BRÄUER G ,SZYSZKA B ,VERGÖHL M ,et al. Magnetron sputtering:Milestones of 30 years[J]. Vacuum,2010,84(12):1354-1359.
|
[52] |
WANG W J ,TAN X Y ,LIU J Q ,et al. The influence of heating rate on W-Cr-Zr alloy densification process and microstructure evolution during spark plasma sintering[J]. Powder Technology,2020,370:9-18.
|
[53] |
KE B R ,SUN Y C ,ZHANG Y ,et al. Powder metallurgy of high-entropy alloys and related composites:A short review[J]. International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials,2021,28(6):931-943.
|
[54] |
WU Z M ,LIANG Y X ,FU E G ,et al. The process and mechanisms for the transformation of coarse grain to nanoscale grain in tungsten by ball milling[J]. Powder Technology,2018,326:222-227.
|
[55] |
LI X X ,YANG C ,CHEN T ,et al. Influence of powder shape on atomic diffusivity and resultant densification mechanisms during spark plasma sintering[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2019,802:600-608.
|
[56] |
MALEWAR R ,KUMAR K S ,MURTY B S ,et al. On sinterability of nanostructured W produced by high-energy ball milling[J]. Journal of Materials Research,2007,22(5):1200-1206.
|
[57] |
TELU S ,PATRA A ,SANKARANARAYANA M ,et al. Microstructure and cyclic oxidation behavior of W-Cr alloys prepared by sintering of mechanically alloyed nanocrystalline powders[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2013,36:191-203.
|
[58] |
SAL E ,GARCÍA-ROSALES C ,SCHLUETER K ,et al. Microstructure,oxidation behaviour and thermal shock resistance of self-passivating W-Cr-Y-Zr alloys[J]. Nuclear Materials and Energy,2020,24:100770.
|
[59] |
CALVO A ,GARCÍA-ROSALES C ,KOCH F ,et al. Manufacturing and testing of self-passivating tungsten alloys of different composition[J]. Nuclear Materials and Energy,2016,9:422-429.
|
[60] |
GUILLON O ,GONZALEZ-JULIAN J ,DARGATZ B ,et al. Field-assisted sintering technology/spark plasma sintering:Mechanisms,materials,and technology developments[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials,2014,16(7):830-849.
|
[61] |
MANIÈRE C ,LEE G ,OLEVSKY E A. All-materials-inclusive flash spark plasma sintering[J]. Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):15071.
|
[62] |
MUNIR Z A ,ANSELMI-TAMBURINI U ,OHYANAGI M. The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials:A review of the spark plasma sintering method[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2006,41(3):763-777.
|
[63] |
HU Z Y ,ZHANG Z H ,CHENG X W ,et al. A review of multi-physical fields induced phenomena and effects in spark plasma sintering:Fundamentals and applications[J]. Materials & Design,2020,191:108662.
|
[64] |
SONG X Y ,LIU X M ,ZHANG J X. Neck formation and self-adjusting mechanism of neck growth of conducting powders in spark plasma sintering[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2006,89(2):494-500.
|
[65] |
DENG S H ,LI R D ,YUAN T C ,et al. Direct current-enhanced densification kinetics during spark plasma sintering of tungsten powder[J]. Scripta Materialia,2018,143:25-29.
|
[66] |
KINO T ,ENDO T ,KAWATA S. Deviations from matthiessen's rule of the electrical resistivity of dislocations in aluminum[J]. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan,1974,36(3):698-705.
|
[67] |
LEE G ,OLEVSKY E A ,MANIÈRE C ,et al. Effect of electric current on densification behavior of conductive ceramic powders consolidated by spark plasma sintering[J]. Acta Materialia,2018,144:524-533.
|
[68] |
CALVO A ,GARCÍA-ROSALES C ,ORDÁS N ,et al. Self-passivating W-Cr-Y alloys:Characterization and testing[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design,2017,124:1118-1121.
|
[69] |
LITNOVSKY A ,WEGENER T ,KLEIN F ,et al. Advanced smart tungsten alloys for a future fusion power plant[J]. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion,2017,59(6):064003.
|
[70] |
谭晓月,王武杰,吴眉,等. 自钝化钨合金在未来核聚变装置中的潜在应用与研究现状[J]. 材料热处理学报,2019,40(11):13-21.
TAN X Y ,WANG W J ,WU M ,et al. Potential application and research status of self-passivation tungsten alloy in future fusion devices[J]. Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2019,40(11):13-21.
|
[71] |
KOCH F ,KÖPPL S ,BOLT H. Self passivating W-based alloys as plasma-facing material[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2009,386:572-574.
|
[72] |
KOCH F ,BRINKMANN J ,LINDIG S ,et al. Oxidation behaviour of silicon-free tungsten alloys for use as the first wall material[J]. Physica Scripta,2011,T145:014019.
|
[73] |
YI G Q ,LIU W ,YE C ,et al. A self-passivating W-Si-Y alloy:Microstructure and oxidation resistance behavior at high temperatures[J]. Corrosion Science,2021,192:109820.
|
[74] |
YU P ,WANG W ,WANG F H ,et al. High-temperature corrosion behavior of sputtered K38 nanocrystalline coatings with and without yttrium addition in molten sulfate at 900 ℃[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology,2011,206(1):68-74.
|
[75] |
KLÖWER J. Factors affecting the oxidation behaviour of thin Fe-Cr-Al foils. Part II:The effect of alloying elements:Overdoping[J]. Materials and Corrosion,2000,51(5):373-385.
|
[76] |
SUN D J ,LIANG C Y ,SHANG J L ,et al. Effect of Y2O3 contents on oxidation resistance at 1 150 ℃ and mechanical properties at room temperature of ODS Ni-20Cr-5Al alloy[J]. Applied Surface Science,2016,385:587-596.
|
[77] |
KLEIN F ,WEGENER T ,LITNOVSKY A ,et al. Oxidation resistance of bulk plasma-facing tungsten alloys[J]. Nuclear Materials and Energy,2018,15:226-231.
|
[78] |
KLEIN F ,WEGENER T ,LITNOVSKY A ,et al. On oxidation resistance mechanisms at 1 273 K of tungsten-based alloys containing chromium and yttria[J]. Metals,2018,8(7):488.
|
[79] |
CALVO A ,SCHLUETER K ,TEJADO E ,et al. Self-passivating tungsten alloys of the system W-Cr-Y for high temperature applications[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2018,73:29-37.
|
[80] |
谭晓月未来核聚变装置用面向等离子钨基材料制备、组织与性能研究合肥合肥工业大学2018谭晓月. 未来核聚变装置用面向等离子钨基材料制备、组织与性能研究[D]. 合肥:合肥工业大学,2018.
TAN X YResearch on the preparation,microstructure and performance of tungsten-based materials for plasma facing materials in future fusion deviceHefeiHefei University of Technology2018TAN X Y. Research on the preparation,microstructure and performance of tungsten-based materials for plasma facing materials in future fusion device[D]. Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2018.
|
[81] |
KAMATAGI M D ,GALAGALI S M ,SANKESHWAR N S ,et al. Lattice thermal conductivity of bilayer graphene[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings,2013,1512(1):950.
|
[82] |
FU B Q ,LAI W S ,YUAN Y ,et al. Calculation and analysis of lattice thermal conductivity in tungsten by molecular dynamics[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2012,427(1/2/3):268-273.
|
[83] |
WANG W J ,TAN X Y ,YANG S P ,et al. On grain growth and phase precipitation behaviors during W-Cr-Zr alloy densification using field-assisted sintering technology[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2021,98:105552.
|
[84] |
WU Y C. The routes and mechanism of plasma facing tungsten materials to improve ductility[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2019,55(2):171-180.
|
[85] |
WU Y C. Preparation and key properties of tungsten-based materials for nuclear fusion applications[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2021.
|
[86] |
LIU D G ,ZHENG L ,LUO L M ,et al. An overview of oxidation-resistant tungsten alloys for nuclear fusion[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2018,765:299-312.
|
[87] |
NAGENDER NAIDU S V ,SRIRAMAMURTHY A M ,RAO P R. The Cr-W(chromium-tungsten)system[J]. Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams,1984,5(3):289-292.
|
[88] |
SAL E ,GARCÍA-ROSALES C ,ITURRIZA I ,et al. High temperature microstructural stability of self-passivating W-Cr-Y alloys for blanket first wall application[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design,2019,146:1596-1599.
|
[89] |
ALFONSO A ,JUUL JENSEN D ,LUO G N ,et al. Recrystallization kinetics of warm-rolled tungsten in the temperature range 1 150–1 350 ℃[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2014,455(1/2/3):591-594.
|
[90] |
PITTS R A ,CARPENTIER S ,ESCOURBIAC F ,et al. A full tungsten divertor for ITER:Physics issues and design status[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,2013,438:S48-S56.
|
[91] |
WINTER J. Carbonization in tokamaks[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials,1987,145/146/147:131-144.
|
[92] |
LITNOVSKY A ,WEGENER T ,KLEIN F ,et al. Smart alloys for a future fusion power plant:First studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental conditions[J]. Nuclear Materials and Energy,2017,12:1363-1367.
|